Kubernetes Operator; What, Why and How?

Why Operator

For stateless application normal kubernetes deployment is more than enough. But What about stateful applications like databases where we may need to add some business logic to restore them from where they were unavailable. Cluster scaling, disaster recovery type jobs need human intervention as normal kubernetes deployment can't handle this. Operator is the perfect tool to automate these kind of jobs.

What is an operator?

An operator is nothing but a CRD asscociated with controller.

What is a CRD?

CRD stands for Custom Resource Definition, It's basically a scheme. There's another resource named CR (Custom Resource) which is the json or yaml body format of our api.

Controller

Controller holds the business logic of pod/deployment/other kinds lifecycle management. Here developer can modify or enhance or incorporate their own logic of creating kubernetes objects.

Type

This is the accepted struct of CR body. Developer can add attributes as their need and use those attributes while managing due kubernetes object.

How many ways are there to create operator?

There's many ways of creating operator. Some of the standard ways are listed below,

With Go:
    - Using client go.
    - Using KubeBuilder
    - using Operator-sdk
With Java:
    - Using kubernetes Java client
    - using Fabric8
With python:
    - Using Kubernetes python client
Others options:
    - helm
    - ansible

We are using operator-sdk;operator SDK is a framework that uses the controller-runtime library to make writing Operators easier by providing:

• High level APIs and abstractions to write the operational logic more intuitively.
• Tools for scaffolding and code generation to bootstrap a new project fast.
• Extensions to cover common Operator use cases.

Install operator-sdk

Prerequisites

• git
• go version v1.13+.
• mercurial version 3.9+
• bazaar version 2.7.0+
• docker version 17.03
• kubectl version sourcev1.12.0+.
• Access to a Kubernetes v1.12.0+ cluster.
• Optional: delve version 1.2.0+ (for up local --enable-delve).

Opetrator-sdk Linux installation:

Download the release binary

$ RELEASE_VERSION=v0.14.0
$ curl -LO https://github.com/operator-framework/operator-sdk/releases/download/${RELEASE_VERSION}/operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-linux-gnu

Verify the downloaded release binary

$ RELEASE_VERSION=v0.14.0
$ curl -LO https://github.com/operator-framework/operator-sdk/releases/download/${RELEASE_VERSION}/operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-linux-gnu.asc

To verify a release binary using the provided asc files, place the binary and corresponding asc file into the same directory and use the corresponding command:

$ gpg --verify operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-linux-gnu.asc

If you do not have the maintainers public key on your machine, you will get an error message similar to this:

$ gpg --verify operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-apple-darwin.asc
$ gpg: assuming signed data in 'operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-apple-darwin'
$ gpg: Signature made Fri Apr  5 20:03:22 2019 CEST
$ gpg:                using RSA key <KEY_ID>
$ gpg: Can't check signature: No public key

To download the key, use the following command, replacing $KEY_ID with the RSA key string provided in the output of the previous command:

$ gpg --recv-key "$KEY_ID"

You'll need to specify a key server if one hasn't been configured. For example:

$ gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-key "$KEY_ID"

Install the release binary in your PATH

$ chmod +x operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-linux-gnu && sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/bin/ && sudo cp operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-linux-gnu /usr/local/bin/operator-sdk && rm operator-sdk-${RELEASE_VERSION}-x86_64-linux-gnu

Compile and install from master

$ go get -d github.com/operator-framework/operator-sdk 
$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/operator-framework/operator-sdk
$ git checkout master
$ make tidy
$ make install

Steps to create an operator

$ operator-sdk new app-operator --repo github.com/example-inc/app-operator

$ cd app-operator

Operator-sdk will create an application with following Tree:

.
├── build
│   ├── bin
│   │   ├── entrypoint
│   │   └── user_setup
│   └── Dockerfile
├── cmd
│   └── manager
│       └── main.go
├── deploy
│   ├── operator.yaml
│   ├── role_binding.yaml
│   ├── role.yaml
│   └── service_account.yaml
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
├── pkg
│   ├── apis
│   │   └── apis.go
│   └── controller
│       └── controller.go
├── tools.go
└── version
    └── version.go

Operator-sdk new command created a Dockerfile and necessary scripts, a main.go, deployment related menufests of an operator and others.

# Add a new API for the custom resource AppService
$ operator-sdk add api --api-version=app.example.com/v1alpha1 --kind=AppService

.
├── build
│   ├── bin
│   │   ├── entrypoint
│   │   └── user_setup
│   └── Dockerfile
├── cmd
│   └── manager
│       └── main.go
├── deploy
│   ├── crds
│   │   ├── app.example.com_appservices_crd.yaml
│   │   └── app.example.com_v1alpha1_appservice_cr.yaml
│   ├── operator.yaml
│   ├── role_binding.yaml
│   ├── role.yaml
│   └── service_account.yaml
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
├── pkg
│   ├── apis
│   │   ├── addtoscheme_app_v1alpha1.go
│   │   ├── apis.go
│   │   └── app
│   │       ├── group.go
│   │       └── v1alpha1
│   │           ├── appservice_types.go
│   │           ├── doc.go
│   │           ├── register.go
│   │           └── zz_generated.deepcopy.go
│   └── controller
│       └── controller.go
├── tools.go
└── version
    └── version.go

Operator-sdk add api command generated CRD and CR menufests under deploy/crd directory, a go file named appservice_types.go under pkg/apis/app/v1alpha1 directroy. It also generated some other supportive go files.

Here appservice_types.go contains the struct of CR file app.example.com_v1alpha1_appservice_cr.yaml.

# Add a new controller that watches for AppService
$ operator-sdk add controller --api-version=app.example.com/v1alpha1 --kind=AppService

.
├── build
│   ├── bin
│   │   ├── entrypoint
│   │   └── user_setup
│   └── Dockerfile
├── cmd
│   └── manager
│       └── main.go
├── deploy
│   ├── crds
│   │   ├── app.example.com_appservices_crd.yaml
│   │   └── app.example.com_v1alpha1_appservice_cr.yaml
│   ├── operator.yaml
│   ├── role_binding.yaml
│   ├── role.yaml
│   └── service_account.yaml
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
├── pkg
│   ├── apis
│   │   ├── addtoscheme_app_v1alpha1.go
│   │   ├── apis.go
│   │   └── app
│   │       ├── group.go
│   │       └── v1alpha1
│   │           ├── appservice_types.go
│   │           ├── doc.go
│   │           ├── register.go
│   │           └── zz_generated.deepcopy.go
│   └── controller
│       ├── add_appservice.go
│       ├── appservice
│       │   └── appservice_controller.go
│       └── controller.go
├── tools.go
└── version
    └── version.go

operator-sdk add controller command generated a controller named appservice_controller.go under pkg/controller/appservice directory. This controller go file is going to contain the logic of our desire pod/deployment/statefulset or any other kubernetes object creation.

Let's explore appservice_types.go

Inside appservice_types.go file we will find structs like following,

type AppServiceSpec struct {

}

type AppServiceStatus struct {

}

type AppService struct {
    metav1.TypeMeta   `json:",inline"`
    metav1.ObjectMeta `json:"metadata,omitempty"`

    Spec   AppServiceSpec   `json:"spec,omitempty"`
    Status AppServiceStatus `json:"status,omitempty"`
}

We're going to add our needed attributes in these struct. The CR file contains request body in AppService struct format.

Let's add a field Replicas in AppServiceStruct and PodNames in AppServiceStatus

type AppServiceSpec struct {
  Replicas int32 `json:"replicas"`
}

type AppServiceStatus struct {
  PodNames []string `json:"podNames"`
}

Let's explore AppService_Controller.go file

Inside this file we will get a function named Reconcile. This is the function that gets triigered by kubernetes in every 10 seconds or some other threshold. So if we write logic, like if a deployment should run 3 replicas and if it's running 2 , we must run another replica.

func (r *ReconcileAppService) Reconcile(request reconcile.Request) (reconcile.Result, error) {
    reqLogger := log.WithValues("Request.Namespace", request.Namespace, "Request.Name", request.Name)
    reqLogger.Info("Reconciling PodSet")

    // Fetch the PodSet instance
    podSet := &appv1alpha1.PodSet{}
    err := r.client.Get(context.TODO(), request.NamespacedName, podSet)
    if err != nil {
        if errors.IsNotFound(err) {
            // Request object not found, could have been deleted after reconcile request.
            // Owned objects are automatically garbage collected. For additional cleanup logic use finalizers.
            // Return and don't requeue
            return reconcile.Result{}, nil
        }
        // Error reading the object - requeue the request.
        return reconcile.Result{}, err
    }

    // List all pods owned by this PodSet instance
    lbls := labels.Set{
        "app":     podSet.Name,
        "version": "v0.1",
    }
    existingPods := &corev1.PodList{}
    err = r.client.List(context.TODO(),
        existingPods,
        &client.ListOptions{
            Namespace:     request.Namespace,
            LabelSelector: labels.SelectorFromSet(lbls),
        })
    if err != nil {
        reqLogger.Error(err, "failed to list existing pods in the podSet")
        return reconcile.Result{}, err
    }
    existingPodNames := []string{}
    // Count the pods that are pending or running as available
    for _, pod := range existingPods.Items {
        if pod.GetObjectMeta().GetDeletionTimestamp() != nil {
            continue
        }
        if pod.Status.Phase == corev1.PodPending || pod.Status.Phase == corev1.PodRunning {
            existingPodNames = append(existingPodNames, pod.GetObjectMeta().GetName())
        }
    }

    reqLogger.Info("Checking podset", "expected replicas", podSet.Spec.Replicas, "Pod.Names", existingPodNames)
    // Update the status if necessary
    status := appv1alpha1.PodSetStatus{
        Replicas: int32(len(existingPodNames)),
        PodNames: existingPodNames,
    }
    if !reflect.DeepEqual(podSet.Status, status) {
        podSet.Status = status
        err := r.client.Status().Update(context.TODO(), podSet)
        if err != nil {
            reqLogger.Error(err, "failed to update the podSet")
            return reconcile.Result{}, err
        }
    }
    // Scale Down Pods
    if int32(len(existingPodNames)) > podSet.Spec.Replicas {
        // delete a pod. Just one at a time (this reconciler will be called again afterwards)
        reqLogger.Info("Deleting a pod in the podset", "expected replicas", podSet.Spec.Replicas, "Pod.Names", existingPodNames)
        pod := existingPods.Items[0]
        err = r.client.Delete(context.TODO(), &pod)
        if err != nil {
            reqLogger.Error(err, "failed to delete a pod")
            return reconcile.Result{}, err
        }
    }

    // Scale Up Pods
    if int32(len(existingPodNames)) < podSet.Spec.Replicas {
        // create a new pod. Just one at a time (this reconciler will be called again afterwards)
        reqLogger.Info("Adding a pod in the podset", "expected replicas", podSet.Spec.Replicas, "Pod.Names", existingPodNames)
        pod := newPodForCR(podSet)
        if err := controllerutil.SetControllerReference(podSet, pod, r.scheme); err != nil {
            reqLogger.Error(err, "unable to set owner reference on new pod")
            return reconcile.Result{}, err
        }
        err = r.client.Create(context.TODO(), pod)
        if err != nil {
            reqLogger.Error(err, "failed to create a pod")
            return reconcile.Result{}, err
        }
    }
    return reconcile.Result{Requeue: true}, nil
}

func newPodForCR(cr *appv1alpha1.AppService) *corev1.Pod {
    labels := map[string]string{
        "app": cr.Name,
    }
    return &corev1.Pod{
        ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
            Name:      cr.Name + "-pod",
            Namespace: cr.Namespace,
            Labels:    labels,
        },
        Spec: corev1.PodSpec{
            Containers: []corev1.Container{
                {
                    Name:    "busybox",
                    Image:   "busybox",
                    Command: []string{"sleep", "3600"},
                },
            },
        },
    }
}

As Image busybox has been used in newPodForCR function. Here we can get the image name, args or env from CR by adding field in AppService struct.

Now, we're almost ready to build our operator. But before that as we've changed or added fields to our structs in appservice_types.go file, we need to run operator-sdk generate k8s command to update the pkg/apis/app/v1alpha1/zz_generated.deepcopy.go file accordingly.

Build operator image from source code

$ operator-sdk build klovercloud/app-operator

This commad basically does two things, - build target - build image from target

So we can build image by our own docker file by building target then building image from that target using docker client.

Now run following command,

sed -i 's|REPLACE_IMAGE|klovercloud/app-operator|g' deploy/operator.yaml

This will replace the image name of app-oprerator's deployment menufest which is named operator.yaml.

Install app-operator or run operator inside you kubernetes/minikube cluster as deployment

# Setup Service Account
$ kubectl create -f deploy/service_account.yaml
# Setup RBAC
$ kubectl create -f deploy/role.yaml
$ kubectl create -f deploy/role_binding.yaml
# Setup the CRD
$ kubectl create -f deploy/crds/app.example.com_appservices_crd.yaml
# Deploy the app-operator
$ kubectl create -f deploy/operator.yaml

| Note: If you registry is private add secret with service account

Let's Explore the CR file (app.example.com_v1alpha1_appservice_cr) from deploy/crds directory.

apiVersion: app.example.com/v1alpha1
kind: AppService
metadata:
  name: example-appservice
spec:
  size: 3

We can see the generated CR spec contains a variable size but our AppServiceSpec struct of AppService_types.go file contains a variable Replicas int32 `json:"replicas". So let's change the generated CR file.

apiVersion: app.example.com/v1alpha1
kind: AppService
metadata:
  name: example-appservice
spec:
  replicas: 3

Create a Appservice,

$ kubectl create -f deploy/crds/app.example.com_v1alpha1_appservice_cr.yaml

$ kubectl describe appservice example-appservice

Name:         example-appservice
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  app.example.com/v1alpha1
Kind:         AppService
Metadata:
  Cluster Name:        
  Creation Timestamp:  2018-12-17T21:18:43Z
  Generation:          1
  Resource Version:    248412
  Self Link:           /apis/app.example.com/v1alpha1/namespaces/myproject/appservices/example-appservice
  UID:                 554f301f-0241-11e9-b551-080027c7d133
Spec:
  Size:  3

N-Queens with backtracking

Source: LeetCode.
Genre: Hard
Problem:

The n-queens puzzle is the problem of placing n queens on an n×n chessboard such that no two queens attack each other.

Given an integer n, return all distinct solutions to the n-queens puzzle.

Each solution contains a distinct board configuration of the n-queens' placement, where 'Q' and '.' both indicate a queen and an empty space respectively.

Example:

Input: 4
Output: [
 [".Q..",  // Solution 1
  "...Q",
  "Q...",
  "..Q."],

 ["..Q.",  // Solution 2
  "Q...",
  "...Q",
  ".Q.."]
]
Explanation: There exist two distinct solutions to the 4-queens puzzle as shown above.

Problem:
Let's understand the problem first! On a chase board a queen can move,

• Horizontally
• Vertically
• Diagonally

 The problem says, on a nxn chase board, we've to place n queens on n different places of that chase board such that no queen can attack any other queens, horizontally, vertically as well as diagonally.

The above picture of 8x8 chase board is a perfect example of an arrangement where every queens are safe from others.

Solution:

The chase board can be represented by a binary matrix (two dimensional array) where 0 means no queen and 1 means queen. Initially, every position of the matrix will be placed by 0.

Create a two dimensional array to represent the board.

static int[][] board = null;

Initialize the board.

    void init(int numberOfQueens) {
        this.board = new int[numberOfQueens][numberOfQueens];
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < board.length; j++) {
                board[i][j] = 0;
            }
        }
    }

Check if there's already a queen in a row.

    boolean checkIfTheresAQueenInARow(int row) {
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            if (board[row][i] == 1) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

Check if there's already a queen in a column.

    boolean checkIfTheresAQueenInAColumn(int column) {
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            if (board[i][column] == 1) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

Check if there's already a queen in diagonal positions.

    boolean checkIfTheresQueenDiagonally(int row, int col) {
        int rowCarry = 0;
        int columnCarry = 0;
        boolean res = false;
        while (!res) {
            if ((row - rowCarry) > -1 && (col - columnCarry) > -1) {
                if (board[row - rowCarry][col - columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            if ((row - rowCarry) > -1 && (col + columnCarry) < board.length) {
                if (board[row - rowCarry][col + columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            if ((row + rowCarry) < board.length && (col - columnCarry) > -1) {
                if (board[row + rowCarry][col - columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            if ((row + rowCarry) < board.length && (col + columnCarry) < board.length) {
                if (board[row + rowCarry][col + columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            rowCarry++;
            columnCarry++;
            if (rowCarry > board.length - 1 && columnCarry > board.length - 1) {
                break;
            }
        }
        return res;
    }

Check if a position is safe (There's no queen row wise, column wise and diagonally).

    boolean checkIfAPositionIsSafe(int row, int col) {
        if (checkIfTheresAQueenInARow(row)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (checkIfTheresAQueenInAColumn(col)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (checkIfTheresQueenDiagonally(row, col)) {
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

Solve the problem by backtracking.

    private void solveNQueensHelper(int row) {
        if (row == board.length) {
            listToReturn.add(print());
        } else {
            for (int col = 0; col < board.length; col++) {
                if (checkIfAPositionIsSafe(row, col)) {
                    board[row][col] = 1;
                    row += 1;
                    solveNQueensHelper(row);
                    row = row - 1;
                    board[row][col] = 0;
                }
            }
        }
    }

Full code

class Solution {
    static int[][] board = null;
    List < List < String >> listToReturn = new ArrayList < List < String >> ();

    public List < List < String >> solveNQueens(int n) {
        init(n);

        solveNQueensHelper(0);

        return listToReturn;
    }


    private void solveNQueensHelper(int row) {
        if (row == board.length) {
            listToReturn.add(print());

        } else {
            for (int col = 0; col < board.length; col++) {
                if (checkIfAPositionIsSafe(row, col)) {
                    board[row][col] = 1;
                    row += 1;
                    solveNQueensHelper(row);
                    row = row - 1;
                    board[row][col] = 0;
                }
            }
        }

    }


    List < String > print() {
        List < String > individualMatch = new ArrayList < > ();
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
            for (int j = 0; j < board.length; j++) {
                if (board[i][j] == 1) {
                    sb.append("Q");
                } else {
                    sb.append(".");
                }

            }
            individualMatch.add(sb.toString());
        }

        return individualMatch;
    }


    void init(int numberOfQueens) {
        this.board = new int[numberOfQueens][numberOfQueens];
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < board.length; j++) {
                board[i][j] = 0;
            }
        }
    }

    boolean checkIfTheresAQueenInARow(int row) {
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            if (board[row][i] == 1) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    boolean checkIfTheresAQueenInAColumn(int column) {
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            if (board[i][column] == 1) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    boolean checkIfTheresQueenDiagonally(int row, int col) {
        int rowCarry = 0;
        int columnCarry = 0;

        boolean res = false;

        while (!res) {
            if ((row - rowCarry) > -1 && (col - columnCarry) > -1) {
                if (board[row - rowCarry][col - columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            if ((row - rowCarry) > -1 && (col + columnCarry) < board.length) {
                if (board[row - rowCarry][col + columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            if ((row + rowCarry) < board.length && (col - columnCarry) > -1) {
                if (board[row + rowCarry][col - columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            if ((row + rowCarry) < board.length && (col + columnCarry) < board.length) {
                if (board[row + rowCarry][col + columnCarry] != 0) {
                    res = true;
                }
            }
            rowCarry++;
            columnCarry++;
            if (rowCarry > board.length - 1 && columnCarry > board.length - 1) {
                break;
            }

        }
        return res;
    }

    boolean checkIfAPositionIsSafe(int row, int col) {

        if (checkIfTheresAQueenInARow(row)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (checkIfTheresAQueenInAColumn(col)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (checkIfTheresQueenDiagonally(row, col)) {
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

}

hastaLaVista




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